10 Easy Ways of Helping Turtles Survive

10 Easy Ways of Helping Turtles Survive Sea turtles have lived on Earth for about 110 million years. However, due to human activity, 6 of the 7 sea turtle species- green, Kemp’s ridley, olive ridley, flatback, hawksbill, and leatherback- are now classified as endangered. The seventh species, the loggerhead, is classified as threatened (likely to become an endangered species in the near future). Organizations Dedicated to Helping Sea Turtles Contact the following organizations to donate, volunteer, and learn more about ways to help the sea turtles:Sea Turtle ConservancySEE TurtlesTurtle Island Restoration NetworkThe Ocean FoundationOceanic Society How to Help Sea Turtles Survive According to the Sea Turtle Conservancy and the World Wildlife Fund, sea turtles face threats from overharvesting and poaching, global warming, ocean pollution, and the encroachment of human activity on their nesting sites. Although targeting these problems may seem like an overwhelming task, there are specific actions you can take to ensure the survival of sea turtles. Baby hawksbill turtle after being rescued. Jereme Thaxton/Getty Images Source Your Seafood Responsibly Sea turtles often become the bycatch of irresponsible fishing methods. Educate yourself on how your seafood was caught and support organizations that advocate for the sustainable catching of seafood. The Monterey Bay Aquariums Seafood Watch website and app allow you to look up specific types of seafood and determine if they were responsibly sourced. In addition, organizations like Too Rare to Wear also have information on products that have been made from turtle shells, like jewelry and souvenirs, which are often sold to tourists in tropical regions. Get Rid of Pollution Sailors from the USS Thorn use bolt cutters and knives to free the only surviving sea turtle in a group of four found tangled in some long-ago discarded netting, July 10, 2001 in the Mediterranean Sea. U.S. Navy / Getty Images Help make beaches safe for turtles and other marine animals by participating in cleanups to help remove trash from the beach. Doing so will also stop more trash from entering the oceans, reducing the chances that a turtle may become trapped or eat it. Many local groups organize such cleanups year-round, or you can organize a beach clean-up day with some friends. Cleaning up the beach may also help make that locations habitable for turtles again. After a 2-year beach cleanup in Miami that removed over 11 million pounds of trash from the environment, olive ridley turtle hatchlings were spotted making their way from the nest to the ocean, which had not occurred in decades. Previously, the turtles had been able to lay eggs on the beach but could not maneuver in the trash. Replace Disposable Plastic With Reusable Items Plastic bag at sea. These can be dangerous to sea turtles who mistake them for food, such as jellyfish. _548901005677/Moment Open/Getty Images You can help prevent trash from ever entering the ocean in the first place by recycling and reducing the amount of trash that you create. For some items, consider using their reusable counterparts, like shopping bags and water bottles to reduce your chances of polluting the beach. Plastic bags are especially troublesome, as sea turtles can mistake them for their favorite snack: jellyfish. You can also avoid other single-use items, like balloons during a birthday beach bash, which will likely end up in the ocean where they will be eaten by turtles and other wildlife. Keep Beaches Dark at Night WWF volunteers coax released baby green turtles that were found at a nest site the day before, to the waters edge with lights at Acyatan Beach on August 23, 2018 in Adana, Turkey. Chris McGrath / Getty Images Nesting turtles and hatchlings use the moons natural lighting as a guide. Instinctively, they follow the brightest direction to find their way to the water, but if they are disoriented by artificial lighting, they may wander inland and die of dehydration or predation. Avoid all forms of artificial light while at the beach at night, including flashlights, flash photography, video cameras, and fires on nesting beaches. If you do need lighting, try to avoid directly illuminating the beach, using a shade to minimize the amount of light shining in the area. If staying at a beachfront property, be sure to turn off all lights at night. If you do see disoriented baby turtles at night, do not take it upon yourself to move the turtles. Contact a nature conservancy organization or local authorities. Be Careful When Boating and Fishing A moving boat can seriously injure or kill a turtle, so stay alert if you are boating in the ocean. If you spot sea turtles in the water, stay at least 50 yards away. If they are close to your boat, put your engine on neutral or turn it off until the turtles swim away. Change your fishing location if you spot sea turtles nearby or they show interest in your bait. And remember to collect all of your fishing gear and supplies once youre done, especially fishing line, hooks, and nets. Don’t Disturb the Turtles An NPS volunteer helps Kemps ridley sea turtle hatchlings reach the water at South Padre Island National Seashore. Who knew volunteering could be so adorable?.  © qnr via Flickr Never pick up a hatchling. Though it may be tempting, doing so may frighten or disorient them. If you do want to watch one, attend a sea turtle watch hosted by an organization, which would allow you to observe the sea turtles without disturbing them. Do not catch a baby turtle in an aquarium or bucket of water. This will use up the energy they need to swim to the ocean after they emerge from their nest. Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Global warming can skew the gender ratios of sea turtles, as well as the distribution of predators and prey. Although climate change might seem like too big an issue to tackle, there are many steps you can personally take to reduce global warming. Adopt a Sea Turtle Support sea turtle conservation efforts by â€Å"adopting a sea turtle† or making a donation to a wildlife conservation program that monitors and helps satellite-tracked turtles. You can also â€Å"adopt a nest† during nesting season. Avoid Beach Activities at Night Try to avoid walking on the beach at night during the summer, as this may frighten nesting turtles back into the sea. To help make it easier for turtles to navigate the beach, you can also remove beach furniture and other equipment from the beach before the nighttime, as turtles may become caught in them or become disoriented. Help Spread Awareness There are many ways you can help make a positive change for sea turtles. One main way is through education. You can help educate your local neighborhood or school by giving presentations, and tell people about the cause during conversations. Sources â€Å"Adoption Programs.† Seaturtle.org, Seaturtle.org, www.seaturtle.org/adopt/.â€Å"Endangered Ocean: Sea Turtles.† Ocean Today, National Ocean Service, oceantoday.noaa.gov/endoceanseaturtles/.â€Å"Information About Sea Turtles, Their Habitats and Threats to Their Survival.† Conserveturtles.org, Sea Turtle Conservancy, conserveturtles.org/information-about-sea-turtles-their-habitats-and-threats-to-their-survival/.â€Å"Ways to Help.† Ways to Help the Sea Turtles, Nova Southeastern University, cnso.nova.edu/seaturtles/ways-to-help.html.â€Å"What Can You Do to Save Sea Turtles?† NOAA Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 6 June 2016, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/what-can-you-do-save-sea-turtles.â€Å"What Is the Difference Between Endangered and Threatened?† Wolf - Western Great Lakes, U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Mar. 2003, www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/esastatus/e-vs-t.htm.

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution Evolution is defined as a change in species over time. There are many processes that can occur to drive evolution including Charles Darwins proposed idea of natural selection and the human-created artificial selection and selective breeding. Some processes produce much quicker results than others, but all lead to speciation and contribute to the diversity of life on Earth. One way species change over time is called convergent evolution. Convergent evolution is when two species, that are not related via a recent common ancestor, become more similar. Most of the time, the reason behind convergent evolution occurring is the build-up of adaptations over time to fill a certain niche. When the same or similar niches are available in different geographical locations, different species will most likely fill that niche. As time passes, the adaptations that make the species successful in that niche in that particular environment add up producing similar favorable traits in very different species. Characteristics Species that are linked through convergent evolution oftentimes look very similar. However, they are not closely related on the tree of life. It just so happens that their roles in their respective environments are very similar and require the same adaptations in order to be successful and reproduce. Over time, only those individuals with favorable adaptations for that niche and environment will survive while the others die off. This newly formed species is well suited to its role and can continue to reproduce and create future generations of offspring. Most cases of convergent evolution occur in very different geographic areas on the Earth. However, the overall climate and environment in those areas are very similar, making it a necessity to have different species that can fill the same niche. That leads those different species to acquire adaptations that create a similar appearance and behavior as the other species. In other words, the two different species have converged, or become more similar, in order to fill those niches. Examples One example of convergent evolution is the Australian sugar glider and the North American flying squirrel. Both look very similar with their small rodent-like body structure and thin membrane that connects their forelimbs to their hind limbs that they use to glide through the air. Even though these species look very similar and are sometimes mistaken for each other, they are not closely related on the evolutionary tree of life. Their adaptations evolved because they were necessary for them to survive in their individual, yet very similar, environments. Another example of convergent evolution is the overall body structure of the shark and the dolphin. A shark is a fish and a dolphin is a mammal. However, their body shape and how they move through the ocean is very similar. This is an example of convergent evolution because they are not related very closely via a recent common ancestor, but they live in similar environments and needed to adapt in similar ways in order to survive in those environments. Plants Plants can also undergo convergent evolution to become more similar. Many desert plants have evolved somewhat of a holding chamber for water inside their structures. Even though the deserts of Africa and those in North America have similar climates, the species of flora there are not closely related on the tree of life. Instead, they have evolved thorns for protection and the holding chambers for water to keep them alive through long periods of no rain in the hot climates. Some desert plants also have evolved the ability to store light during the daytime hours but undergo photosynthesis at night to avoid too much water evaporation. These plants on different continents adapted this way independently and are not closely related by a recent common ancestor.

Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy - Research Paper Example Additionally, the health and safety compliance policy should be monitored closely in all organizations because it is more likely than other compliance policies to cause a lot of problems. The health and safety officers ensure that organizations are able to resolve their health and safety issues, inspections are carried out on time and fewer accidents occur. The policy requires employers and employees to cooperate with the health and safety officers during inspections. To avoid the increase of accidents and other cases that are related to ill health among workers, an organization’s manager or the management team have to follow the health and safety control measures. According to Bohle and Quinlan, (2000), companies may have a positive or a negative impact on the environment. To avoid having a negative impact on the environment, Bohle and Quinlan, (2000) assert that regulatory control measures need to be part of an organization’s activities. A manager has to ensure that an organization has the right provisions to control new issues that are related to health and safety. A manager has to make sure that the control measures taken by employees can be implemented based on standards provided by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The management team and all the staff members in an organization have to be engaged in day-to-day consultation between each other. These will be consultations on health and safety conditions at the company. It is crucial for an organization’s management team to supervise and provide ideas to employees on occupational health issues. Other management team members in an organization have to promote good working conditions and make sure that the machinery in a firm are regularly serviced (Stranks, 2010). To make sure that there are good working conditions, the management team has to embark on training activities which are beneficial to all

Online Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Education - Research Paper Example Recent findings that compare classroom and web based learning experiences have found that online teaching was superior to the traditional classroom instructive methods, with regards to declarative knowledge outcomes and was equivalent with regards to procedural learning outcomes (Bender, 2008). On average, students involved in online-teaching conditions are more likely to perform better than students who receive face-to-face instructions. These differences, however, are not necessarily rooted in the utilized media. Generally, advantages of online instruction reflect the differences in learning time, pedagogy, and content (Karacapilidis et al, 2012). Direct comparisons between blended and online learning conditions did not find any significant difference regarding student level of learning. Effectiveness or efficacy of pure and blended, online education processes is dependent on the instructive elements of the two methods. Usually, blended delivery instruction, or face-to-face instruc tion, provides more opportunity for collaborative learning not received by students who are ion control situations (Karacapilidis et al, 2012). Online readers that spend more time on the activity compared to face-to-face conditions find a greater benefit in learning. It is vital to note, however, that the research done so far on blended vs. online instructional methods is not very conclusive. However, there is an argument that the medium of learning is simply a bearer of content that has minimal effect on the process of learning per se. As a matter of fact, gender and SAT scores are stronger predictors of college student performance on the post-test with procedural and conceptual items than was the form of online unit to which the student was exposed (Weller, 2012). In... This report talks that on average, students involved in online-teaching conditions are more likely to perform better than students who receive face-to-face instructions. These differences, however, are not necessarily rooted in the utilized media. Generally, advantages of online instruction reflect the differences in learning time, pedagogy, and content. In order for online learning to become more acceptable as a mode of teaching, a few best practices need to be carried out. Online quizzes or videos have minimal influence on what students are able to learn in class. Additionally, there should be a course moderator to instruct the discussion groups when the students need to respond to a given scenario. Finally, there should be social scripts that structure the modes of interactions between students. This paper approves that 21st century higher education certainly has taken to online education, with US President Obama talking about expansion of access to higher education. The evidence shows that, for those who want to learn and demonstrate their academic knowledge, online education is an affordable and workable alternative to the more traditional methods of getting a post-secondary education. Online learning will allow students from all classes of the economy to take advantage of opportunities, which might have been otherwise out of their reach. Best of all, students will no longer need to take, on unmanageable and excessive debt to study. Online education will level the playfield somewhat in the higher education sector.

Explore the reasons why Othello orders the death of Desdemona Essay Example for Free

Explore the reasons why Othello orders the death of Desdemona Essay Othello is a play about love, hatred, death and deception. Othello is partly betrayed by flaw in his own character. He orders the death of Cassio (his friend and ensign) and Desdemona (his wife) for a number of reasons. Chief among these are is that he is rash, violent and aggressive. He is an angry man who believes whatever Iago tells him with blind faith. He is confused by Iagos tricks and does as he is told without thinking about its consequences. He is impulsive. He is acting like a true moore (or as what people consider him to be) in Shakespeare days. Othello has the tendency to believe whatever Iago tells him. Even before he is shown any evidence to prove that Desdemona is cheating on him. He starts to hate her Now do I see tis true. He turns a blind eye on the fact that he has not seen what the proof is yet. The proof could have been so insignificant that Othello would not trusted it, however in this case the evidence have been planted to mislead Othello. Othello is impulsive. He is rash as fire for numerous reasons. He doesnt trust his wife (who he married with his happiness) or trust his friend, Iago, Who is his enemy. He believes that his wife is cheating on him and becomes enraged very easily. Ill tear her whole to pieces. It tells us that his intentions arent very good. Rather than killing her he could Shake he off to beggarly divorcement and let her live her life. Furthermore, after Iago has completely misled him, Othello finds no other way other than thinking and ordering the death of Cassio. Let me hear thee say that Cassios not alive. He acts hastily without letting Cassio stand trail nor defend himself. He is sure that Desdemona and Cassio have become disloyal to him. The audience that Othello is an angry man and rash as fire by his behaviour towards Iago. If thou dost slander her and torture me then thou hast, better been born a dog than answer my wakd wrath. This show that Othello cant comprehend it that his wife might be cheating on him so he is taking his anger out on others. An example of that is he takes his anger out on Iago, who he believes to be his friend. However, he is not rash as fire because he resists the urges. He shows this when he is in conversation with Iago. Ill not believe it. Here Othello is trying to imply that he doesnt believe Iago fully until he sees the evidence in the form of the handkerchief. This shows that he still trust s his wife. He is saying she is as pure as a goddess and if she isnt then heaven isnt so perfect when he says if she be false then heaven mock itself. He also proves he trusts his wife. Ill se before I doubt. He still wants evidence before doing anything. When I doubt, prove. This shows that Othello doesnt have complete faith in Iago. The audience cannot really blame Othello for being rash as fire as Iago keeps provoking his temper. Iago convinces Othello of Desdemonas and Cassios guilt by using different techniques. To convince Othello, Iago plants circumstantial evidences in order to make Othello think that something is really going on between Cassio and Desdemona. He steals Desdemonas handkerchief and leaves it in Cassios bedroom. Such a handkerchief did I see Cassio wipe his beard with. This helps Iago prove Desdemonas infidelity as it will give Othello evidence. Trifleare to the jealous confirmation strong as proofs of holy writ. Furthermore, Iago is reticence and implies he is withholding information. He acts like he doesnt want to say anything. Should you do sospeech should fall in vile success. This entices Othello to say I pray thee speak to me as to thy thinking. This makes it seem like Iago is trustworthy because he seems to want to protect his friend, when really he wants to get Othello to hate him. Oft my jealousy shapes faults that are not. Iago start to lie outright. However he only does this after he has largely convinced Othello. He says that he heard Cassio talking to Desdemona in his sleep. Sweet Desdemona let us hide our love. This is a blatant lie but Othello is fooled and believes him. He falls into Iagos trap. It works as he creates hideous images of Cassio and Desdemona. This is when Othello for the first time concludes that Desdemona is gone. His trust and faith in his marital happiness fades into the belief he has been rejected by Desdemona. A technique that works very well with Othello is when Iago implies he knows more than he does, making leading statements. He first introduces the topic by deliberately leading a question for Othello to ask rather than stating the full facts thus playing on Othellos paranoia. Did Michael Cassio, when you wood my lady know of your love? This makes Othello wonder why he would want to know that. He later serves to make Othello think of Desdemona. Iago is clever and subtle in his tricks; Othello cannot be blamed for believing him. Later, when Othello is convinced, he reinforces his honesty by saying perhaps you mind might change. He does this because he knows Othello wont. Another skill which works well is making Othello angry on purpose. Iago uses graphical language to make Othello picture Desdemona and Cassio in compromising situation. Wouldst thou grossily grape on behold her topped? This gets Othello worked up. He uses shocking and profane language such as prime as goat, hot as monkey by saying this Othello believes Iago and becomes all senseless and wrathful. Thou hadst better been born a dog than answer my wakd rath. This makes Othello irrational and witless. The audience may also consider the social and historical background to be a reason. During the time when the play was written, many events were taking place (we can see hints of this in the play). When Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating him, he decided he would kill her. Divorce was not an option for him as the pope, who was at time was the most important man in Europe, would not allow Othello to divorce Desdemona without a trial. Othello didnt want to do this as he would have to prove Desdemona guilty of infidelity. Othello didnt want to do this as he still loved Desdemona with all his heart and thought Desdemona cheated him. Another point we must consider is that when the play was written there was a good deal of racism and mis-trust for non-Christians. Shakespeares audience may have seen moors as barbarous heathens. This would explain his propensity for violence. Consequently coloured people such as Venetians were given fewer rights as they were regarded as barbarians. Such barbarians would react violently, because they were uncivilised. O blood, blood, blood! Othellos Moorish heritage may also have influenced his anger at the loss of the handkerchief as he actually believed in its magic. Tis true. There is a magic in the web of it. Othello having been a soldier since he was 7 and then a general, meaning he spent his life in the army and therefore he didnt know women well. He was also an outsider to the Venetian society and so it made it easier for Iago to convince Othello. In Venice they do let god see the pranks they do not show their husbands. A number of factors contribute to the killing of Desdemona and Cassio. One of the major reasons influencing Othellos decision is Iagos numerous lies and his way of manipulating and confusing Othello. These play a major part as, if Iago hadnt lied to Othello, he wouldnt have thought his wife betrayed him. Another factor that led to Desdemonas and Cassios killing is that the fact that in his personal life he knew nothing about women. Iago took advantage of this and lies outright. Iagos lies wouldnt have worked if Othello had trust in him. If divorce was an option he probably would have considered it letting Desdemona live her life. Another reason that Othello was harsh was because thats what moors were considered to be.

Theories Of Punishment Understanding Deviance

Theories Of Punishment Understanding Deviance The classical school represented by the works of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria assumes that the rational decision is always the decision that will maximise gain and minimise pain for each individual: the felicitation principle that lies behind the penal policy of deterrence. Hence, if the actor is rational, the state can influence any given decision by ensuring that the system of investigating criminal activity will swiftly detect the person responsible and the system of law enforcement through courts will dispense sufficient pain to each offender so that there will be both specific deterrence (i.e. that a particular offender will never choose to break the law again), and general deterrence (other potential criminals, observing the punishment of the one offender, will be deterred from following in his or her footsteps.  [1]  ) The Neoclassical School continues to adopt the traditional view that the punishment imposed by the state for the crime should reflect deterrence. However, they depart from the original theory by increasing the severity of sentences and limiting judicial discretion. This emphasises the social value of punishment rather than seeing punishment as an offenders just deserts in a system of retributive justice. It uses the offender as a symbol through which to send a message to society, rather than as a human being who should be judged on his or her own merits. It abandons the idea of proportionality between severity of punishment with the gravity of offence committed by the offender. This view has certain moral implications and high costs in maintaining a prison system for an increased number of prisoners. (Something which a third world country like ours could not certainly afford). Research has consistently shown that certainty of arrest rather than severity of punishment is the major det errent. According to Clarke crime is a purposive behaviour designed to meet the offenders common place needs for such things as money, status, sex, excitement, and that meeting these needs involves the making of (sometimes quite rudimentary) decisions and choices, constrained as they are by limits of time and ability and the availability of relevant information. i.e. offenders make decisions that appear rational to themselves, and they can be persuaded not to engage in crime. Through Rational Choice Theory, Cornish and Clarke  [2]  describe crime as an event that occurs when an offender decides to take risk by breaking the law after considering his or her own need for money, personal values or learning experiences and how well a target is protected, how affluent the neighbourhood is or how efficient the local police are. Before committing a crime, the reasoning criminal weighs the chances of getting caught, the severity of the expected penalty, the values to be gained by committing the act, and his or her immediate need for that value. The intention is to increase the perceived risks of apprehension, or reduce the anticipated rewards for a crime, or remove the excuses to compliance with the law. The intention would be to design out crime, i.e. to make the disincentives to the commission of crime consistently outweigh the potential benefits. This would involve concerted efforts by the manufacturers of standard equipment less prone to theft, to design b etter security systems so that stolen goods cannot be used without a PIN or can be otherwise tracked. It also involves the adoption of surveillance technology to tag goods in stores electronically, install camera systems to monitor behaviour, improve street lighting, have more police officers on patrol, assist householders to improve their home security, etc. A co-ordinated strategy would potentially prevent more crime and so be more cost effective than imprisoning the few offenders that are currently apprehended. This theory is predicated on the assumption that humans have set of hierarchically ordered preferences, or utilities. By reducing the opportunities for the commission of crimes and target hardening, i.e. making it more difficult to break into houses or to steal from shops, and encouraging more authority figures to assume responsibility, potential offenders will be deterred. There is, however, some criticism that better protecting one area will simply displace crime into a less protected area but the evidence is yet equivocal on whether such displacement does occur. The main problem, still remains in re-ordering the political priorities away from a penal-orientation and in favour of a prevention strategy. At present many states have invested heavily in the former and see no immediate need to change their policies. To further understand the concept of deviance, the differential association theory is probably the best known Interactionist theory of deviance. This theory focuses on how people learn to be criminals, but does not concern itself with why they become criminals. Sutherland was following the tradition of Gabriel Tarde who argued that criminals were ordinary people who learned criminal behaviour through imitation of those with whom they interacted. Sutherland refined this proposition by requiring that the interaction occur in intimate groups, where the level of communication is more personal. They learn how to commit the crime; they learn motives, drives, rationalisations, and attitudes. George Herbert Mead had developed the idea of the self as a social construct, i.e. a persons self-image is continuously being constructed and reconstructed in interaction with other people. People define their lives by reference to their experiences, and then generalize those definitions to provide a framework of reference for deciding on future action. From a researchers perspective, a subject might view the world very differently if employed rather than unemployed, if in a supportive family or abused by parents. Hence, individual might respond differently to the same situation depending on how their experience predisposes them to define their current surroundings. A wallet might be found on the street. One individual might see an opportunity for altruism, returning missing property to its owner. The other might see an opportunity for self-enrichment. Differential association predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. This tendency will be reinforced if social association provides role models of significance to the actor. This does not deny that there may be practical motives for crime. If a person is hungry but has no money, there is a temptation to steal. However, needs and values are equivocal. To a greater or lesser extent, both non-criminal and criminal are motivated by the need for money and social status. Frustration and boredom may be felt by all. Edward Sutherland and his students, Donald Cressey in particular, became the tenacious champions of the arguments that deviance is a way of life passed from generation to generation. First advanced in 1924, his theory of differential association attempted to make systematic the thesis that crime and deviation are culturally transmitted in social groups. It holds that criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other people, especially in personal intimate settings, in a process of communication. Learning is held to embrace techniques of committing the crime and the direction of drives, motives, attitudes, and definitions of law. It was argued that a person will become criminal if he or she is exposed to an excess of definitions favourable to the violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law, the process itself being described as differential association. Such differential association will be affected by variations in frequency, duration, priority, and inten sity. Sutherland supposed the learning of criminal behaviour to involve all the social and psychological mechanisms at work in other learning. Finally he claimed that although criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values because non-criminal behaviour is also an expression of those same needs and values.  [3]   Finally the social disorganization theory(Chicago school) will clear the whole concept of deviance and delinquencies. Anthropology, the science of man has been mainly concerned with the study of primitive peoples. But civilized man is quite as interesting an object of investigation, and at the same time his life is more open to observation and study. Urban life and culture are more varied, subtle and complicated, but the fundamental motives are in both instances the same. Most sociology departments are inattentive to the physical and social contexts in which they exist. But the Chicago sociology was to become the sociology of Chicago itself, a detailed anthropological mapping of the social territories that made the city.  [4]  Urban life resembled a phantasmagoria, a welter of shifting scenes and identities; where everything is in a state of agitation everything seems to be undergoing a change. Society is, apparently, not much more than a congeries and constellation of social at oms. They maintained that knowledge resided neither in properties of the world alone nor in properties of the observer alone. Facts, it was held, not self-evident. They are selected and interpreted by the mind that surveys them. People with different perspectives and different problems will not see exactly the same phenomena. Thus the meaning of food will not be identical for the chef, the waiter, and the guest at meal. It will shift in response to the peculiar dealings which one has with the object. But that shift is not wholly dependent on the whim of the contemplating intelligence. The imagination is not free to create anything which it may choose to devise. It is constrained by the capacity of the world to answer back and impose itself upon thought.  [5]  Hence it came about that pragmatism placed effective knowledge in a transaction between the observer and the environment which he observed: the knowledge was no longer defined as a state or as a condition but as a process, an action. It proceeded from experiences in the world. Experience was to become elevated to a pre-eminent position: it was a guarantee of valid knowledge. Formal speculation was regarded as a pallid and misleading substitute for personal acquaintance with phenomena. It is the personal experience of those best qualified in our circle of knowledge to have experience, to tell us what is. Now what does thinking about the experience of those persons come to, compared to directly and personally feeling it as they feel it? The philosophers are dealing in shades, while those who live and feel know truth.  [6]  The real world was the experience of actual man and women and not abbreviated and shorthand descriptions of it that we call knowledge. The business of research is to understand the social world, and the social world is itself manufactured by the practical experience of those who live in it. Practical experiences themselves are responses to situations and problems, and they change as those problems change. Sociology is not devoted to the study of states but of process, of things and people in change. It must be so organized that it can observe and report processes over time. It must also be so organized that it can reach those processes practically and not by surmise and logic alone. The most effective research strategy is one that requires sociologists to participate personally in the world which they would analyse. Without such participation, knowledge is not experience but an uncertain commentary on experience. City life and urbanization were analysed by a collection of master forms which had been borrowed from biology. They were represented as the workings of an ecological order. Ecology is an emphasis on the patterns and organized changes which are produced by different species living together in the same physical territory. Whatever else men are, they are also animals, and as such they exhibit the effects of physical aggregation and of their habitat.  [7]  People are quite capable of detaching themselves from their own territories; they display rational behaviour; they can organise themselves into institutions which impose a distinct order; their works are modified by an elaborate technology; their activities are shaped by conscious planning; and they are governed by a symbolism which interprets and changes what they do. The city is not merely an artefact, but an organism. Its growth is, fundamentally and as a whole, natural, i.e. uncontrolled and un-designed. The forms it tends to a ssume are those which represent and correspond to the functions it is called upon to perform. The emergence of Chicago itself was explained by what came to be known as the zonal hypothesis, the contention that cities evolve in a series of concentric zones of activity and life. At the very centre is the business district which is typified by a small residential population and high property values. About it is a zone of transition whose population is fluid and poor, whose housing is deteriorating and whose stability is threatened by the encroaching business district. About that zone, in turn, are areas of working-class housing, middle-class housing, and, on the fringes, suburbia. Each zone is itself composed of diverse natural areas which abut on one another. They are natural because they are not entirely intended, because they manifest a rough correspondence to the territorial division of species in nature. It was found that there was massive concentration of pathological behaviour in the zone in transition. Partly because of its great visibility, such behaviour appeared to be confined to a limited territorial belt. Within that belt there was a piling-up of all those phenomena that are conventionally identified as social problems: mental disorder, prostitution, suicide, alcoholism, infant mortality, juvenile delinquency, crime, disease and poverty. The incidence of pathology could be plotted with data collected from court records, census reports, and special surveys. Deviance may have been present elsewhere but it was hugely conspicuous in the transitional zone. The Zone in transition was taken to be unruly. It housed people who were unaccustomed to one another, to city life, and to America. Lacking substantial resources and deserting much that had been familiar, they were required to establish a way of life in a difficult and shifting environment. One of the prime problems which they faced was the sheer array of different worlds around them. When the inner composition and external relations of those worlds appeared unstable, the whole invited the descri ption of social disorganisation. Disorganization was a face of moral dissensus: the degree to which the members of a society lose their common understandings, i.e. the degree to which consensus is undermined, is the measure of a societys state of disorganization.  [8]  Disorganization also characterized the fragmented, the fluid, and the anonymous elements of urban life: contacts are extended, heterogeneous groups mingle, neighbourhoods disappear, and people, deprived of local and family ties, are forced to live under loose, transient and impersonal relations.  [9]   Integral to the conception of disorganization was the companion idea of weak social control. Those who stressed internal disorder could cite numerous obstructions to social control. Moral habits could not be properly implanted. People were neither effectively curbed, nor could they curb one another. They did not know each other well, formed few commitments to the area or to its population, were confused by moral diversity, and were loath to intervene in the affairs of their fellows. Morality could not be taken for granted. It became relativistic and circumstantial, readily adapted for selfish purposes, permitted the evolution of extenuating accounts. More particularly, its influence could not extend very far. Those entitled to exercise moral claims were confined to the family and immediate neighbours, all other becoming moral strangers.  [10]  Their lives had been punctuated by cultural discontinuities which became especially taxing for the second generation. Morally displaced, e conomically and politically peripheral, they might innovate new modes of social organization. Most typically they created a social order which corresponded to neither the old world nor the new but was a shifting amalgam of both.  [11]  They also improvised new styles of behaviour and morality which could well embrace delinquency as a possible solution to the dilemmas of exclusion and impotence.  [12]  Crime and delinquency were, thus, explained principally by the effects of the isolation of certain natural areas. They became a kind of surrogate social order, an alternative pattern, which replaced the workings of conventional institutions.  [13]  Their forms were themselves explained as a functional response to deprivation, to the social and moral structures imported by immigrants, and to the experience of growing up in the inner city. Deprived of political control and economic resources, first and second generation immigrants produced their own shadow politics and shadow economy. Children raised in the crowded zone in transition led an intensely public life, playing with others on the street, forming into small groups which eventually crystallized into gangs. Such exposure placed the child under constant surveillance from others. From an early age he was awarded a communal identity and reputation. In an insecure social environment, the preservation of reputation acquired strategic importance. What is significant is the persistence of tradition in the zone in transition. Ideas of conduct are passed on from generation to generation of boys living the public lives of the street; traditions of delinquency are preserved and transmitted through the medium of social contact with the unsupervised play group and the more highly organized delinquent and criminal gangs.  [14]   Theories of punishment Each society has its own way of social control for which it frames certain laws and also mentions the sanctions with them. These sanctions are nothing but the punishments. In primitive society punishment was left to the individuals wronged or their families, and was vindictive or retributive: in quantity and quality it would bear no special relation to the character or gravity of the offence. Ordinarily there would arise the idea of proportionate punishment, of which the characteristic type is an eye for an eye. The second stage was punishment by individuals under the control of the state, or community; in the third stage, with the growth of law, the state took over the primitive function and provided itself with the machinery of justice for the maintenance of public order. Henceforward crimes are against the state, and the exaction of punishment by the wronged individual is illegal (compared to the earlier lynch law). Even at this stage the vindictive or retributive character of punishment remains, but gradually, and especially after the humanist government under thinkers like Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, new theories began to emerge. Two chief trains of thought have combined in the condemnation of primitive theory and practice. On the one hand the retributive principle itself has been very largely superseded by the protective and the reformative; on the other punishment s involving bodily pain have become objectional to the general sense of society. Consequently corporal and even capital punishment occupy a far less prominent position, and tend everywhere to disappear. It began to be recognized also that stereotyped punishments, such as belonging to penal codes, fail to take due account of the particular condition of an offence and the character and circumstances of the offender. A fixed fine, for example, operates very unequally on rich and poor. With new criminological developments, particularly in the field of penology, it has been generally accepted that punishment must be in proportion to the gravity of the offence. It has been further suggested that reformation of criminal rather than his expulsion from society is more purposeful for his rehabilitation. With this aim in view, the modern penologists have focused their attention on individualization of offender through treatment methods. Today, old barbarous methods of punishment such as mutilation, branding, hanging, burning, stoning, flogging, amputation, starving the criminal to death or subjecting him to pillory or poetic punishment, etc. are completely abandoned  [15]  . Pillory was a method of corporal punishment under which the offender was subjected to public ridicule by exposing him to punishment in public places. Different poetic punishments were provided for different crimes. For example, cutting off hands for theft, taking off tongue for the offence of perjury, emasculation for rape, shaving off the head of a woman in case she committed a sex-crime or whipping her in public street and similar other modes were common forms of poetic punishment during the middle ages. Modern penologists have substituted new forms of penal sanctions for the old methods of sentencing. The present modes of punishment commonly include imposition of monetary fines, segregation of the offender temporarily or permanently through imprisonment or externment or compensation by way of damages from the wrong-doer in case of civil injury. The credit for introducing these penological changes goes to eminent criminologists, like Beccaria, Garofalo, Ferri, Tarde, Bentham, and o thers who formulated sound principles of punishment and made all out efforts to ensure rehabilitation of offenders so as to make them useful member of society once again. Garofalo strongly recommended transportation or banishment of certain types of offenders who had to be segregated from society. Modern penal systems, however, limit the punishment of transportation within the homeland so that potentiality of prisoners is utilized within the country itself. Of late, open jails, parole or probation are being intensively used for long-termers so that they can earn their livelihood while in the institution.  [16]   Though opinions have differed, as regards punishment of offenders varying from age-old traditionalism to recent modernism, broadly speaking four types of views can be distinctly found to prevail. Modern penologists prefer to call them theories of punishment, which are, The Deterrent theory; The Retributive theory; The Reformative theory; and The Preventive theory. Off late however, there has been the re-emergence of the Retributive theory in a diluted form and this is called as the Expiatory theory which was mainly in vogue in Ancient India and erstwhile Europe. Deterrent theory Earlier modes of punishment were, deterrent in nature. This kind of punishment presupposes infliction of severe penalties on offenders with a view to deterring them from committing crime. The founder of this theory, Jeremy Bentham, based his theory of determine on the principle of hedonism which said that a man would be deterred from committing a crime if the punishment applied was swift, certain and severe. This theory considers punishment as an evil, but is necessary to maintain order in the society. The deterrent theory also seeks to create some kind of fear in the mind of others by providing adequate penalty and exemplary punishment to offenders which keeps them away from criminality. Thus the rigor of penal discipline acts as a sufficient warning to offenders as also others. Therefore, deterrence is undoubtedly one of the effective policies which almost every penal system accepts despite the fact that it invariably fails in its practical application. Deterrence, as a measure of punishment particularly fails in case hardened criminals because the severity of punishment hardly has any effect on them. It also fails to deter ordinary criminals because many crimes are committed on the spur of the moment without any prior intention or design. The futility of deterrent punishment is evinced from the fact that quite a large number of hardened criminals return to prison soon after their release. They prefer to remain in prison rather than leading a free life in society. Thus the object underlying deterrent punishment is unquestionably defeated. This view finds support from the fact that when capital punishment was being publicly awarded by hanging the person to death in public places, many persons committed crimes of pick-pocketing, theft, assault or even murder in those men-packed gatherings despite the ghastly scene. Suffice it to say that the doctrine concerning deterrent punishment has been closely associated with the primitive theories of crime and criminal responsibility. In earlier times, crime was attributed to the influence of evil spirit or free-will of the offender. So the society preferred severe and deterrent punishment for the offender for his act of voluntary perversity which was believed to be a challenge to God or religion.  [17]   The punishment ought to be a terror to evil-doers and an awful warning to all others who might be tempted to imitate them. This contention finds support in Benthams observation, who said:- General prevention ought to be the chief end of punishment. An unpunished crime leaves the path of crime open, not only to the same delinquent but also to all those who may have some motives and opportunities for entering upon ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ we perceive that punishment inflicted on the individual becomes source of security for allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Punishment is not to be regarded as an act of wrath or vengeance against a guilty individual who has given way to mischievous inclinations, but as an indispensable sacrifice to the society. Bentham, however, believed that offenders must be provided an opportunity for reformation by the process of rehabilitation. From this point of view, his theory may be considered forward looking as it was more concerned with the consequences of punishment rather than the wrong done, which being a post, cannot be altered.  [18]   Retributive Theory Retribution is the practice of getting even with a wrongdoer-the suffering of the wrongdoer is seen as good in itself, even if it has no other benefits. One reason for societies to include this judicial element is to diminish the perceived need for street justice, blood revenge and vigilantism. Retribution sets an important standard on punishment the transgressor must get what he deserves, but no more. Therefore, a thief put to death is not retribution; a murderer put to death is. In old times when a man injured another, it was considered to be the right of the injured person to take revenge on the person causing injury. Since the formulation of the Hammurabis Code, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth has been accepted by the general public that is the criminal deserves to suffer. Later this stance changed, Adam Smith, who is credited as the father of Welfare Economics, wrote extensively about punishment. In his view, an important reason for punishment is not only deterrence, b ut also satisfying the resentment of the victim. Moreover, in the case of the death penalty, the retribution goes to the dead victim, not his family. One great difficulty of this approach is that of judging exactly what it is that the transgressor deserves. For instance, it may be retribution to put a thief to death if he steals a familys only means of livelihood; conversely, mitigating circumstances may lead to the conclusion that the execution of a murderer is not retribution. The adherents of retributive theory, that punishment satisfies the feeling of revenge, are few in number. As has been observed by Lee, An act which is described as a crime today was looked upon as a private wrong previously. The wronged party and not the State or that which stood for the State brought suit. Professor Gillin  [19]  quotes many illustrations of the working of private vengeance. Citing an instance of punishment for adultery in ancient Germany he observers: Its punishment is instant and at the pleasure of the husband. He cuts off the hair of the offender, strips her and in the presence of her relations expels her from the house and pursues her with strips though the whole village. Salmond as regards the theory observes: Conception of retributive justice still retains a prominent place in popular thought. It flourishes also in the writings of the theologians and of those imbued with theological modes of thought and even among the philosophers it does not lack advocates. Kant, for example, expresses the opinion that punishment cannot rightly be inflicted for the sake or any benefit to be derived from it either by the criminal himself or by the society and that the sole and sufficient reasons and justification of it lies in the fact that evil has been done to him who suffers it. The death sentence has been used as an effective weapon of retributive justice for centuries. The justification advanced is that it is lawful to forfeit the life of a person who takes away anothers life. A person who kills another must be eliminated from the society and, therefore, fully merits his execution.  [20]  On the same lines, in the case of the Chopra children murder case where the Honble Supreme Court while upholding the death sentence observed as follows: The survival of an orderly society demands the extinction of the life of persons like Ranga and Billa who are a menace to social order and security. They are professional murderers and deserve no sympathy even in terms of the evolving standards of decency of a maturing soc

Discursive on Boxing Essay

Boxing is a sport that is adored by millions of people all over the world , it is a contact sport in which the fighting style is called MMA (mixed martial arts), Boxing includes two participants called fighters who battle it out in a series of rounds (12)until the opponent has been knocked out and can’t stand straight for 10 seconds , if the fight is stalemated then the fight goes to three judges in which the match is settled within a points system which the judges take part in , there has been numerous debates over the existence of boxing however the fight is just as tense outside the ring with the supporters in the battle against those who want it to be banned. One reason to ban boxing is the fact that it is thought to have long term health effects to the boxer, diseases such as alzhezmers disease and Parkinson’s disease is common to a boxer as it is caused by numerous blows to the head which occurs constantly in boxing , one prime example of this is a boxer called su gar Ray Robinson as he was the argued as the man who changed boxing but sadly he passed away he died due to azhlmiers disease in 1989 April 12 , this was associated with his boxing career this shows that boxing may lead to a very uncomfortable after career. Addiontaly , critics argue that boxing should be banned as it is an inhumane sport. As the boxers aim is to intentionally hurt their opponent it shows it as a vicious sport but it is seen normal to the public eye for example , if you were to go attack someone in the street you would have criminal charges filed against you but just because they are doing it in a boxing ring it is fine , the public are paying loads of money for the big name fights in boxing to see a man or women punch each other senseless for 2 minutes before someone gets knocked out which is a waste of money , one example of an inhumane incident which happened in the boxing ring was boxer mike Tyson intentionally ripped his opponents ear off with his own teeth , this shows how much of a inhumane effect it has on the public For critics there is an argument that there is a lack of safety towards the blows that are dealt to the head in boxing as no-one can predict what’s going to happen apart from the boxers , a boxer could deal a punch that could kill someone. However as boxing does have its Cons it also does have its Pros in which it shouldn’t be banned , as the boxers give there own consent which state that they are aware of the price they need to pay for being a boxer however the rewards they receive outweighs the price in a boxers mind as it provides a life of fame money and fast cars , most boxers don’t come from wealth backgrounds as it takes years to be a boxer it is usually people who love the sport and have dedicated there life to it which may have saved them for doing something else they may not enjoy or criminal activity†¦ â€Å"Boxing gave me the opputinites to grow into the man i am today† Carrying on the argument in which boxing shouldn’t be banned is the fact that it would lead to the black underground of boxing due to its high demand around the world , this would create a whole new amount of problems as it would mean that the mdecial side of boxing would be abolished from boxing and this would lead to a high amount of casualty rates this would also effect the economic side as it would mean that the tax that is generated by boxing would be abolished and shows the arugment in why the government should let it be. Finally the reason for boxing to stay alive is the entertainment and income boxing provides, as boxing is one of the most loved sports of all time and have fans that dedicate there life to the sport who travel round the world for 12 rounds of boxing in which is something they have chosen to watch and have not been forced into watching boxing in any way , if boxing was banned then it would destroy a part of peoples lives , boxing also contributes towards the job front as this includes , venue staff equipment providers etc and allot of people would be left out of a job After considering both sides of the argument, I think it would be a good idea to not ban boxing as I feel that as boxing does have its limitations on the injury factors, the amount of people that dedicate and the impact it has on the world as we know would be too strong to kill.

Happiness and Love: Pursuits of Ancient Literature Essay

Based on the Chinese poems and excerpts from â€Å"The Canterbury Tales,† the driving forces of early and middle cultures are simple human desires- happiness and love. Characters in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales,† nevertheless, have different ideas of happiness and love. Chinese poems, in general, have their happiness hinged on honor, family, and nature. These differences in thinking of these ancient and middle-period authors lead them to make different decisions and have diverse experiences in life. What aided or guided decision making in the middle age were honor and love. In â€Å"The Knight’s Tale,† Arcite and Palamon set aside their friendship, so that they can fight for love and honor. On the other hand, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† and â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale† demonstrate opposite views of a wife’s role and position in the family. These stories underscore different ideas of love, wherein â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† defines love as gender quality, while â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale† interprets love, as a wife’s complete submission to her husband. A number of stories also demonstrate happiness that comes from tricking the trickster, such as in â€Å"The Reeve’s Tale† and â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale.† Several poems in early Chinese also describe the beauty of preserving honor and love. The family is presented ideally in early Chinese poetry, as a source of honor and happiness. Other poems illustrate Chinese reflection on nature. Tao Quian’s poems, for instance, are poems about nature. In one of â€Å"Returning to Live in the South,† he says: â€Å"My nature’s basic love was for the hills.† Early Chinese literature remarks of honorable driving forces that concentrate on bliss and love. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† also represent characters that have noble ideas of love and pleasure, although pervading senses of trickery and justice are also dominant themes. Hence, the middle-period literature adds a sarcastic and comic twist to the dignified pursuit of human happiness. Work cited Quian, Tao. Returning to Live in the South. Web. 16 July 2010 .

Select a Female Candidate Essay Example

Select a Female Candidate Essay Example Select a Female Candidate Essay Select a Female Candidate Essay Lois Murphy is currently in a hotly contested race against incumbent Jim Gerlach for a seat in the House of Representatives, representing Pennsylvania’s 6th Congressional District.   She was born in 1963 in Hempstead, New York to parents who were both public school educators.   Lois attended and graduated from both Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges.   While in law school she met her husband Benjamin Eisner, a labor attorney.   After law school Lois clerked for a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.   She joined the Justice Department and then served as associate legal counsel for NARAL Pro-Choice America.   Lois also works as a lawyer in the private sector as a member of Heckscher, Teillon, Terrill Sager, P.C.   She currently lives in Montgomery County with her husband Ben and their two daughters, Emily and Lily, who attend public schools as their mother did (Lois Murphy for Congress).Lois Murphy first ran for Congress in 2004 against Jim Gerl ach and lost by only 2%, in one of the closest races that year.   The numbers ran as follows:2004 United States House of RepresentativesLois Murphy 153,977 49.0%Jim Gerlach 160,348 51.0%This year Murphy defeated Mike Leibowitz with 75% of the vote in the Democratic primary.   She is squaring off again against Gerlach whose position could be vulnerable (Wikipedia).This particular race has seen a lot of spending by both sides.   The National Republican Congressional Committee has spent $3.9 million so far.   Most of this has been in negative campaign ads against Murphy.   The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee has spent $3 million against Gerlach (Political parties spend $225 million (â‚ ¬177 million) on targeted elections).Murphy has taken a strong stand on several issues.   She supports tax cuts for the middle class, citing the rising costs of health care, home heating, gas, and college tuition.   She also used Hurricane Katrina as an example that expo sed gaps in the federal emergency plan.   She will work to make federal response to such emergencies more efficient.   She will work towards more fiscal responsibility and affordable, accessible health care. She supports ethics reform, economic growth, cleaning up the environment while developing new energy policies and setting higher standards for education (Lois Murphy for Congress).Lois Murphy has a tough race ahead of her and right now no one is willing to concede who will be the possible victor.   The Democrats have a possibility of taking this seat due to voter’s anger and dissatisfaction with the Republican Party.   One issue that has stood out the most is the war in Iraq as well as some of the ethical and legal battles Republicans have faced on the Hill.   If voters are keeping these issues in mind, then Democrats like Lois Murphy stand a chance of winning their seat.BibliographyLois Murphy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 7 Nov 2006, http://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Lois_Murphy

Flow Rate Lab Report

Flow Rate Lab Report Open Channel Flow ExperimentLab Report0904974This experiment investigated the area/velocity method and turbine flow meter method of calculating flow rate. Its aim was to compare accuracy and practical usage for each method. Initial hypotheses predicted that the turbine flow meter would have a higher level of accuracy than the area/velocity method. This was confirmed by the results. It was concluded that for high accuracy a turbine flow meter would be better suited however as it can only be installed within a pipe it would be unsuitable for many natural environments such as a river.IntroductionOn the 29th October 2013 an open channel flow experiment took place within the university lab. During this experiment the flow rate was measured in a tank using two methods. These were the area/velocity method and the turbine flow meter method. The purpose of this was to gather results to compare the accuracy and analyse the potential benefits and drawbacks of each method.Initial hypotheses were that the turbine flow meter would be more accurate as there are few opportunities for human error whilst conducting the experiment.Risk AssessmentA risk assessment was completed before the experiment began. This was discussed by the group and lecturer present. Everyone was made aware of the health and safety protocols should Any incidents occur.Materials and MethodSee Appendix 1Data and ResultsShown in Figure 1 are the results found by completing each experiment and completing the calculations to obtain the total flow rate. These are then plotted on the graph in Figure 2.Area/Velocity 1(Before Weir)Area/Velocity 2(After Weir)Turbine Flow Meter(Direct Flow)Flow(m3/s)(m3/s)(m3/s)10.01620.01850.015020.01440.01760.013330.01340.01590.011740.01180.01280.010050.00910.01190.008360.00850.00850.006770.00730.00640.005080.00710.00690.0033Figure 1: Calculated Results of experiments Figure 2: Graphical Comparison of ResultsFor full table of data - see Appendix 2Discussion"The modern axial turbin e flow meter is a reliable device capable of providing the highest accuracies attainable by any currently available flow sensor Typical measurement repeatability is 0.1% of reading". (J.G. Webster, 1998)Assuming the turbine flow meter is calibrated correctly it is likely to be highly accurate therefore it displays some inaccuracy in the area/velocity method. Although it does show a definite trend matching the turbine flow meter reading.Several human errors were made during the area/velocity experiment. Firstly, it can be shown (Francis and Minton, 1984) that the average velocity in the vertical occurs at 0.63 depth below the surface. This was printed incorrectly in the lab paper as 0.4 below surface (0.6 from bottom).Any human errors which may have occurred were compounded by the scale of the turbine velocity meter not being small enough. Consequently, the turbine used to measure the water velocity was not fully submerged during some parts of the experiment. This included all measur ements after the weir and a few of the lower flow rates at 0.2 of the depth (minimum 0.0340m).AnalysisThe turbine meter flow method would be more suited to installations in situations where there is a high demand for accuracy and a liquid flowing through a pipe where it can be installed. It can be used within a water supply or a in a factory however it could not be installed into a stream or river without severe environmental impacts.The area/velocity method would however be more suited to use in a natural environment without any major environmental impacts; providing a good representation of the flow rate and highlighting any changes occurring.ConclusionOverall there are positive and negative points to each method of measuring open channel flow. The turbine flow meter is highly accurate but requires installation into a pipe and the area/velocity can be easily set up and removed in a river or stream however it is less accurate than the turbine flow meter.ReferencesJ.G. Webster (ed.) , The Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Dec. 1998.

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment Essay

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment - Essay Example This paper analyses how our life styles are affecting our environment. Air pollution, water pollution, generation of hazardous waste, and noise pollution are some of the major environmental problems caused by industries (Industrial Pollution, p.87). Majority of the industries emit harmful gases into the atmosphere which is causing atmospheric pollution. When living things forced to breath these toxic gases, various types of diseases may develop among living things including humans. Increased use of fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides in agricultural fields is causing huge water pollution. When rain water flows through such agricultural fields, unused, fertilizers and chemicals will dissolve in the water and pollute it. people who use such water for drinking purpose may develop severe health problems. Nuclear power plants are constructed on a large scale at present in order to solve the energy crisis. The nuclear wastes produced from such nuclear power plants are dumping into the sea and other places. These nuclear wastes have the ability to liberate harmful radiations for thousands of years and cancer like health problems can be increased because of that. Heavy machineries are normally operating inside the factories. These machineries can generate huge noises which can generate noise pollution. Automobiles also can generate noise pollution.... Hydrocarbon emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or burn only partially. Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems. It is our most widespread and intractable urban air pollution problem. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer (Automobile Emissions: An Overview, p.2) The emissions from automobiles are causing severe threats to the atmosphere. Majority of the gases emitted by the automobiles are causing atmospheric pollution and other problems. Deforestation is another major manmade environmental problem. Trees absorb the dangerous carbon dioxide from atmosphere and liberate more useful oxygen to the atmosphere. In other words, dense forests which provide us fresh air or oxygen for breathing have given way for industrial units which liberates toxic gases to the environment. In other words the protectors of environment given way for the destructors of the environment. It should be noted that deforestation can cause climatic changes also. Refrigerators and air conditioners are essential things for the modern generation. People keep a blind eye towards the fact that these modern equipment are liberating CFC into the atmosphere which is capable of destroying the ozone protection above the atmosphere. Ozone covering above the atmosphere is necessary to prevent harmful radiations reaching on earth from sun and other stars. Reports from the European press states that Soviet Union is secretly dumping nuclear reactors and radioactive waste into the bordering seas (Rao, p.1). Nuclear waste disposal is another major environmental

Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gulf War - Essay Example The US military had done away with the war draft and so it is mainly a volunteer army. As such, it relies usually on people who freely and voluntarily join the military service and the people who enter the military are mostly poor people (the traditional party base of the Democratic Party). The sons and daughters of rich people do not join the military service. It is only the poor kids who join as a way out of poverty, get a sure job and obtain education. In other words, it is the lower social and economic classes which had borne the greatest burden of prosecuting the wars in Iraq in disproportionate numbers compared to the rich classes. However, the main reason why labor unions today are opposed to the Iraq war was it was a war that was not properly explained to them. The original objectives of going into Iraq were hazy at best which was to remove Iraq from Kuwait which is a recognized member of the United Nations as a sovereign nation. But more than that, the ordinary Americans are now more wary of getting involved in other people’s domestic affairs when the American citizens themselves are in deep trouble regarding their own issues about the economy, health care, education and many other concerns such as high crime rates. Americans today do not want to get involved because they had a bad experience with the Vietnam War (Brier 1).